A genre that has been rediscovered over the past 40 years or so
It is indicative of the deep transformations of the cultural discourse of late 18th century
“Gothic fiction” then evolves into a genre and its many spin offs, transformations etc
“gothic” as a connotation (an “umbrella-term” today) is different from the bulk of fiction that was produced in the late decades of the century
THE GOTHIC/”GOTHIC”/
GOTHICISM
By extension, it came to designate the macabre, mysterious, fantastic, supernatural,
and, again, the terrifying, especially the pleasurably terrifying in literature more generally.
Gothic in Victorian literature (for example, in the novels of Dickens and the Brontës),
Gothic in American fiction (from Poe and Hawthorne through Faulkner)
Gothic in films, television, and videos in postmodern culture.
The Gothic novel
Some elements in common with the
”Age/Literature of Sensibility’ (1750-1798):The vogue for the picturesque
Emphasis on fantasy, imagination, sensibility and the appraisal of emotion
The cult of the sublime and beautiful
*The importance of natural landscape as a setting for the extraordinary adventures of the plot
The abyss, the chasm, vertical paradigms of space
Gothicism and Orientalism
The European Romantic imagination was saturated with
Orientalism, but it reflected persistent ambivalence
concerning the East, complicated in Britain by colonial
anxiety and imperial guilt.
Pleasurable terror and pleasurable exoticism operating in
a kindred way
Characteristics of the Gothic novel
The young maid’s virtue is constantly under threat or persecuted
Young women are generally coveted and predated by evil men who want to possess/marry/murder them
Spirits, ghosts, revenants, mysterious presences
The ending is almost invariably positive
But the dominant mood and emotion is that of strong emotion,
the SUBLIME, TERROR and ASTONISHMENT
THE GOTHIC novel’s main characteristics are clearly at odds with
Augustan/NEOCLASSICAL PRINCIPLES AND IDEALS
And oriented to a fascination with an obsession with death, the uncanny, and
incontrollable passions
The fictional world of the gothic novel gives form to amorphous fears and
impulses common to all mankind, recurring to a combination of different
elements (from the unconscious to fairy tale, myth, folklore, and romance)
Early Gothic novels differentiate starkly between good and evil
THE GOTHIC NOVEL DISCOVERS ”THE PLEASURES OF EVIL‘
(hence, to oversimply a complex issue, its longevity as a genre)
The Gothic novel AND THE SUBLIME
The Gothic novel’s opposition to the neoclassical ideals is largely indebted to
the rediscovery of the Sublime, theorized by the philosopher Edmund Burke in
his higly influential
A Philosophical Enquiry into the Orisgin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and
Beautiful (1757)
The sublime and the beautiful represent the primary categories of aesthetic experience
The beautiful is essentially a social category lodged primarily in form
( what is small, delicate, smooth)
The sublime is a representation of experience capable of instilling fear by
bringing someone to the perception of fear for his own self-preservation
The Gothic novel AND THE SUBLIME
Burke’s Treatise:
Whatever is fitted in any sort to excite the ideas of pain, and danger, that is to say, whatever is in any sort terrible, or is conversant about terrible objects, or operates in a manner analogous to terror, is a source of the sublime; that is it is productive of the strongest emotion which the mind is capable of feeling…
But as pain is stronger in its operation than pleasure, so
death is in general a much more affecting idea than pain;
because there are very few pains, however exquisite, which are
not preferred to death; nay, what generally makes pain itself, if I
may say so, more painful, is that it is considered as an emissary
of this king of terrors. When danger or pain press too nearly, they
are incapable of giving any delight, and are simply terrible; but at
certain distances, and with certain modifications, they may be,
and they are delightful, as we every day experience (Burke)
Ann Radcliffe
(1797), pp.
62-63
Ellena accepted the cool refreshment offered her, the first she had
taken on the road. Her companions having emptied their glasses drew
up the blind, and, notwithstanding the almost intolerable heat of noon,
the carriage proceeded. Fainting under its oppression, Ellena
entreated that the windows might be open, when the men, in
compliance with their own necessity rather than with her requests,
lowered the blinds, and she had a glimpse of the lofty region of the
mountains, but of no object that could direct her conjecture
concerning where she was. She saw only pinnacles and vast precipices
of various-tinted marbles, intermingled with scanty vegetation, such as
stunted pinasters, dwarf oak and holly, which gave dark touches to the
many-coloured cliffs , and sometimes stretched in shadowy masses to
the deep vallies, that, winding into obscurity, seemed to invite curiosity
to explore the scenes beyond.
The Italian: an example of the sublime
Below these bold precipices extended the gloomy region of olive-trees,
and lower still other rocky steeps sunk towards the plains, bearing
terraces crowned with vines, and where often the artificial soil was
propped by thickets of juniper, pomegranate and oleander.
Ellena, after having been so long shut in darkness, and brooding over her own
alarming circumstances, found temporary, though feeble, relief in once
more looking upon the face of nature; till, her spirits being gradually
revived and elevated by the grandeur of the images around her, she
said to herself, 'If I am condemned to misery, surely I could endure it
with more fortitude in scenes like these, than amidst the tamer
landscapes of nature! Here, the objects seem to impart somewhat of
their own force, their own sublimity, to the soul. It is scarcely possible
to yield to the pressure of misfortune while we walk, as with the Deity,
amidst his most stupendous works.
The Gothic novel
GOTHIC FICTION IS PRIMARILY CONVENTIONAL:
IT SOON BEGINS TO RE-USE AND TRANSFORM ITS OWN MATERIAL
IN AN INTERTEXTUAL WAY
AUTHORS MADE USE AND MODIFIED EACH OTHER’S DEVICES
IT CAN BE CONSIDERED AS PART OF SENTIMENTAL FICTION
A COMMON TRAIT LIES IN A PECULIAR FORM OF SYMBOLISM FOUND IN GOTHIC TALES
Not allegory, because the referents are deliberately undeterminate
Gothic fiction is also indebted to Shakespeare, Spenser, the Graveyard poets, antiquarianism and sentimentalism
Horace Walpole
The foundational text of the Gothic novel is: Horace Walpole’s
The Castle of Otranto
(1764):
A new genre is created out of the combination of many different
components
Subgenres followed and flourished:
Sentimental
Historical
Orientalist,
Horrific
The tradition continues well into the 20th c with its continual
transformations and adaptations
Among the highlights of Gothic fiction
The Gothic novel
Gothicism and Orientalism are often interacting
sensationalism and exoticism are kindred
experiences: unreality, otherness
The Gothic novel
Most notably: with reference to the ”female Gothic’ (authored bywomen writers - Ann Radcliffe, M.Shelley - and depicting women in the Gothic)
There are 4 important aspects:
The gendered construction of the Female Gothic heroine and hero
THE LINK BETWEEN THE GOTHIC ”PLACE’ AND FEMALE SEXUALITY
The conflation of money and class issues with issues of femininity
The Gothic space
the construction of space in the Gothic novel is largely sexualized and gendered especially in relation to female sexuality and fears of sexuality
The traditional setting of a castle or a (Catholic) abbey which can be a plece of safety against external assaults but has as its foundations a complicated maze of underground vaults and dark
passages and in its bedrooms sliding panels and trapdoors - It is the setting of sexual fantasies of penetration and violation and it is figured then in terms of ‘inner space‘
The Gothic building, traditionally a castle has a signifying function
in identifying a woman’s body when she is experiencing the conflict
over sexual arousal - In this critical interpretation place is suggestive of the fact thet the
heroine’s most sinister enemy is in fact her awakening sexuality
The Gothic sublime
The passion caused by the great and sublime is Astonishment
Terror is the ruling principle of the sublime
Ann Radcliffe: On the Supernatural in Poetry, 1802
Distinguishes between
TERROR and HORROR
Respectively: positive and negative effect of an emotion
Only terror can be a source of the sublime
ABOUT THE CASTLE OF OTRANTO by Horace Walpole
The Castle of Otranto is a 1764 novel by Horace Walpole. It is generally regarded as the first gothic novel, initiating a literary genre which would become extremely popular in the later 18th and early 19th century, with authors such as Charles Maturin, Ann Radcliffe, Bram Stoker, Edgar Allan Poe and Daphne du Maurier.
Plot
The Castle of Otranto tells the story of Manfred, lord of the castle, and his family. The book begins on the wedding-day of his sickly son Conrad and princess Isabella. Shortly before the wedding, however, Conrad is crushed to death by a gigantic helmet that falls on him from above. This inexplicable event is particularly ominous in light of an ancient prophecy, "that the castle and lordship of Otranto should pass from the present family, whenever the real owner should be grown too large to inhabit it". Manfred, terrified that Conrad's death signals the beginning of the end for his line, resolves to avert destruction by marrying Isabella himself while divorcing his current wife Hippolita, who he feels has failed to bear him a proper heir.However, as Manfred attempts to marry Isabella, she escapes to a church with the aid of a peasant named Theodore. Manfred orders Theodore's death while talking to the friar Jerome, who ensured Isabella's safety in the church. When Theodore removes his shirt to be killed, Jerome recognizes a marking below his shoulder and identifies Theodore as his own son. Jerome begs for his son's life, but Manfred says Jerome must either give up the princess or his son's life. They are interrupted by a trumpet and the entrance of knights from another kingdom who want to deliver Isabella. This leads the knights and Manfred to race to find Isabella.
Theodore, having been locked in a tower by Manfred, is freed by Manfred's daughter Matilda. He races to the underground church and finds Isabella. He hides her in a cave and blocks it to protect her from Manfred and ends up fighting one of the mysterious knights. Theodore badly wounds the knight, who turns out to be Isabella's father, Frederic. With that, they all go up to the castle to work things out. Frederic falls in love with Matilda and he and Manfred begin to make a deal about marrying each other's daughters. Manfred, suspecting that Isabella is meeting Theodore in a tryst in the church, takes a knife into the church, where Matilda is meeting Theodore. Thinking his own daughter is Isabella, he stabs her. Theodore is then revealed to be the true prince of Otranto and Matilda dies, leaving Manfred to repent. Theodore becomes king and eventually marries Isabella because she is the only one who can understand his true sorrow.
The Castle of Otranto
Many features which become established conventions of the genre
already appear in the seminal novel The Castle of Otranto (1764)
a medieval tale with a medieval setting, villain hero, ghosts and
wonders - derived from medieval romance: Walpole innovates
the novel by turning to antiquity (see the Ossian poems, 1795)
Walpole’s preface: an attempt to blend the two kinds of romance, the
old and the new
An indirect narration: the first Gothic characteristic in its
presentation is the ancient manuscript rediscovered: it imparts an
indirect air of strangeness
The novel is constantly on the verge of bathos*: theatricality and
amusement! *a sudden change from sthing that is beautiful,
moral or serious , to sthing that is ordinary, silly or unimportant
Thus, in the first of the Gothic novels, the problem of evil is
already presented as a psychological problem created in the
ambience of the family ( Manfred’s obsession with offspring to
ensure possession of the castle)
Characters are simplified figures
Correspondences between physical appearance and spiritual state
A sort of symbolic nightmare
The central device is the most famous of all Gothic devices:
THE IDENTITY OF THE CASTLE OR HOUSE WITH ITS OWNER
AND A MANIFESTATIONOF HIS MIND
AS A SITE OF CONFINEMENT /ENTRAPMENT FOR OTHER
CHARACTERS WHO ARE DOMINATED AND CHASED BY HIM
The Castle of Otranto
THE GREAT DEAL OF SEXUAL SYMBOLISM ALSO
ADDS TO THE EXPLORATION OF THE VILLAIN’S
PERSONALITY
The central theme is the psychological aberration of incest (a
staple item in Gothic Ficton) and the editor draws attention to that
The responsibility of fathers whose bad deeds affect the lives of
their children
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